Indirect Aggression Scales, IAS

Test scores

Higher scores indicate stronger expression of the corresponding form of indirect aggression.

• Social Exclusion reflects the tendency to harm others by deliberately ignoring, rejecting, or excluding them from social interactions or groups.

• Malicious Humour reflects the use of jokes, sarcasm, or ridicule as an indirect way of expressing hostility and causing emotional harm.

• Guilt Induction reflects the tendency to influence or control others by making them feel guilty, responsible, or emotionally pressured.