Online version of the Fascism Scale (F-scale), developed by Theodor Adorno and colleagues in 1940s, an early attempt to measure authoritarian tendencies through agreement with a set of attitudinal statements. From a contemporary perspective, it is considered historically influential but methodologically limited. The scale relies heavily on one-directional items, making it vulnerable to acquiescence bias, and it combines multiple constructs – such as conventionalism, submission to authority, and aggression – into a single score. Notably, even the original authors acknowledged uncertainty about what exactly the scale was measuring, raising concerns about its construct validity. Its content also reflects the specific social and political context of the post-World War II era.
Modern research on authoritarianism has largely moved beyond the F Scale toward more psychometrically robust instruments, such as the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale.
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